Ack更加快速的代码搜索工具

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通常我们搜代码是这么玩的

grep -R xxx .

速度慢不说，返回的结果还没有高亮,而ack的返回结果是这样的:

既有高亮还有行号,ack其实是一个perl的脚本，代码如下

各linux发行版应该都有这个软件包了，自行安装就行了，
代码有5000多行，不想看的请勿点击阅读全文

#!/usr/bin/env perl
#
# This file, ack, is generated code.
# Please DO NOT EDIT or send patches for it.
#
# Please take a look at the source from
# http://github.com/petdance/ack
# and submit patches against the individual files
# that build ack.
#
use warnings;
use strict;
our $VERSION = '1.96';
# Check http://betterthangrep.com/ for updates
# These are all our globals.
MAIN: {
if ( $App::Ack::VERSION ne $main::VERSION ) {
App::Ack::die( "Program/library version mismatch\n\t$0 is $main::VERSION\n\t$INC{'App/Ack.pm'} is $App::Ack::VERSION" );
}
# Do preliminary arg checking;
my $env_is_usable = 1;
for ( @ARGV ) {
last if ( $_ eq '--' );
# Priorities! Get the --thpppt checking out of the way.
/^--th[pt]+t+$/ && App::Ack::_thpppt($_);
# See if we want to ignore the environment. (Don't tell Al Gore.)
if ( /^--(no)?env$/ ) {
$env_is_usable = defined $1 ? 0 : 1;
}
}
if ( $env_is_usable ) {
unshift( @ARGV, App::Ack::read_ackrc() );
}
else {
my @keys = ( 'ACKRC', grep { /^ACK_/ } keys %ENV );
delete @ENV{@keys};
}
App::Ack::load_colors();
if ( exists $ENV{ACK_SWITCHES} ) {
App::Ack::warn( 'ACK_SWITCHES is no longer supported. Use ACK_OPTIONS.' );
}
if ( !@ARGV ) {
App::Ack::show_help();
exit 1;
}
main();
}
sub main {
my $opt = App::Ack::get_command_line_options();
$| = 1 if $opt->{flush}; # Unbuffer the output if flush mode
if ( App::Ack::input_from_pipe() ) {
# We're going into filter mode
for ( qw( f g l ) ) {
$opt->{$_} and App::Ack::die( "Can't use -$_ when acting as a filter." );
}
$opt->{show_filename} = 0;
$opt->{regex} = App::Ack::build_regex( defined $opt->{regex} ? $opt->{regex} : shift @ARGV, $opt );
if ( my $nargs = @ARGV ) {
my $s = $nargs == 1 ? '' : 's';
App::Ack::warn( "Ignoring $nargs argument$s on the command-line while acting as a filter." );
}
my $res = App::Ack::Resource::Basic->new( '-' );
my $nmatches;
if ( $opt->{count} ) {
$nmatches = App::Ack::search_and_list( $res, $opt );
}
else {
# normal searching
$nmatches = App::Ack::search_resource( $res, $opt );
}
$res->close();
App::Ack::exit_from_ack( $nmatches );
}
my $file_matching = $opt->{f} || $opt->{lines};
if ( $file_matching ) {
App::Ack::die( "Can't specify both a regex ($opt->{regex}) and use one of --line, -f or -g." ) if $opt->{regex};
}
else {
$opt->{regex} = App::Ack::build_regex( defined $opt->{regex} ? $opt->{regex} : shift @ARGV, $opt );
}
# check that all regexes do compile fine
App::Ack::check_regex( $_ ) for ( $opt->{regex}, $opt->{G} );
my $what = App::Ack::get_starting_points( \@ARGV, $opt );
my $iter = App::Ack::get_iterator( $what, $opt );
App::Ack::filetype_setup();
my $nmatches = 0;
App::Ack::set_up_pager( $opt->{pager} ) if defined $opt->{pager};
if ( $opt->{f} ) {
$nmatches = App::Ack::print_files( $iter, $opt );
}
elsif ( $opt->{l} || $opt->{count} ) {
$nmatches = App::Ack::print_files_with_matches( $iter, $opt );
}
else {
$nmatches = App::Ack::print_matches( $iter, $opt );
}
close $App::Ack::fh;
App::Ack::exit_from_ack( $nmatches );
}
=head1 NAME
ack - grep-like text finder
=head1 SYNOPSIS
ack [options] PATTERN [FILE...]
ack -f [options] [DIRECTORY...]
=head1 DESCRIPTION
Ack is designed as a replacement for 99% of the uses of F<grep>.
Ack searches the named input FILEs (or standard input if no files are
named, or the file name - is given) for lines containing a match to the
given PATTERN. By default, ack prints the matching lines.
Ack can also list files that would be searched, without actually searching
them, to let you take advantage of ack's file-type filtering capabilities.
=head1 FILE SELECTION
I<ack> is intelligent about the files it searches. It knows about
certain file types, based on both the extension on the file and,
in some cases, the contents of the file. These selections can be
made with the B<--type> option.
With no file selections, I<ack> only searches files of types that
it recognizes. If you have a file called F<foo.wango>, and I<ack>
doesn't know what a .wango file is, I<ack> won't search it.
The B<-a> option tells I<ack> to select all files, regardless of
type.
Some files will never be selected by I<ack>, even with B<-a>,
including:
=over 4
=item * Backup files: Files matching F<#*#> or ending with F<~>.
=item * Coredumps: Files matching F<core.\d+>
=back
However, I<ack> always searches the files given on the command line,
no matter what type. Furthermore, by specifying the B<-u> option all
files will be searched.
=head1 DIRECTORY SELECTION
I<ack> descends through the directory tree of the starting directories
specified. However, it will ignore the shadow directories used by
many version control systems, and the build directories used by the
Perl MakeMaker system. You may add or remove a directory from this
list with the B<--[no]ignore-dir> option. The option may be repeated
to add/remove multiple directories from the ignore list.
For a complete list of directories that do not get searched, run
F<ack --help>.
=head1 WHEN TO USE GREP
I<ack> trumps I<grep> as an everyday tool 99% of the time, but don't
throw I<grep> away, because there are times you'll still need it.
E.g., searching through huge files looking for regexes that can be
expressed with I<grep> syntax should be quicker with I<grep>.
If your script or parent program uses I<grep> C<--quiet> or
C<--silent> or needs exit 2 on IO error, use I<grep>.
=head1 OPTIONS
=over 4
=item B<-a>, B<--all>
Operate on all files, regardless of type (but still skip directories
like F<blib>, F<CVS>, etc.)
=item B<-A I<NUM>>, B<--after-context=I<NUM>>
Print I<NUM> lines of trailing context after matching lines.
=item B<-B I<NUM>>, B<--before-context=I<NUM>>
Print I<NUM> lines of leading context before matching lines.
=item B<-C [I<NUM>]>, B<--context[=I<NUM>]>
Print I<NUM> lines (default 2) of context around matching lines.
=item B<-c>, B<--count>
Suppress normal output; instead print a count of matching lines for
each input file. If B<-l> is in effect, it will only show the
number of lines for each file that has lines matching. Without
B<-l>, some line counts may be zeroes.
If combined with B<-h> (B<--no-filename>) ack outputs only one total count.
=item B<--color>, B<--nocolor>
B<--color> highlights the matching text. B<--nocolor> supresses
the color. This is on by default unless the output is redirected.
On Windows, this option is off by default unless the
L<Win32::Console::ANSI> module is installed or the C<ACK_PAGER_COLOR>
environment variable is used.
=item B<--color-filename=I<color>>
Sets the color to be used for filenames.
=item B<--color-match=I<color>>
Sets the color to be used for matches.
=item B<--color-lineno=I<color>>
Sets the color to be used for line numbers.
=item B<--column>
Show the column number of the first match. This is helpful for editors
that can place your cursor at a given position.
=item B<--env>, B<--noenv>
B<--noenv> disables all environment processing. No F<.ackrc> is read
and all environment variables are ignored. By default, F<ack> considers
F<.ackrc> and settings in the environment.
=item B<--flush>
B<--flush> flushes output immediately. This is off by default
unless ack is running interactively (when output goes to a pipe
or file).
=item B<-f>
Only print the files that would be searched, without actually doing
any searching. PATTERN must not be specified, or it will be taken as
a path to search.
=item B<--follow>, B<--nofollow>
Follow or don't follow symlinks, other than whatever starting files
or directories were specified on the command line.
This is off by default.
=item B<-G I<REGEX>>
Only paths matching I<REGEX> are included in the search. The entire
path and filename are matched against I<REGEX>, and I<REGEX> is a
Perl regular expression, not a shell glob.
The options B<-i>, B<-w>, B<-v>, and B<-Q> do not apply to this I<REGEX>.
=item B<-g I<REGEX>>
Print files where the relative path + filename matches I<REGEX>. This option is
a convenience shortcut for B<-f> B<-G I<REGEX>>.
The options B<-i>, B<-w>, B<-v>, and B<-Q> do not apply to this I<REGEX>.
=item B<--group>, B<--nogroup>
B<--group> groups matches by file name with. This is the default when
used interactively.
B<--nogroup> prints one result per line, like grep. This is the default
when output is redirected.
=item B<-H>, B<--with-filename>
Print the filename for each match.
=item B<-h>, B<--no-filename>
Suppress the prefixing of filenames on output when multiple files are
searched.
=item B<--help>
Print a short help statement.
=item B<-i>, B<--ignore-case>
Ignore case in the search strings.
This applies only to the PATTERN, not to the regexes given for the B<-g>
and B<-G> options.
=item B<--[no]ignore-dir=I<DIRNAME>>
Ignore directory (as CVS, .svn, etc are ignored). May be used multiple times
to ignore multiple directories. For example, mason users may wish to include
B<--ignore-dir=data>. The B<--noignore-dir> option allows users to search
directories which would normally be ignored (perhaps to research the contents
of F<.svn/props> directories).
The I<DIRNAME> must always be a simple directory name. Nested directories like
F<foo/bar> are NOT supported. You would need to specify B<--ignore-dir=foo> and
then no files from any foo directory are taken into account by ack unless given
explicitly on the command line.
=item B<--line=I<NUM>>
Only print line I<NUM> of each file. Multiple lines can be given with multiple
B<--line> options or as a comma separated list (B<--line=3,5,7>). B<--line=4-7>
also works. The lines are always output in ascending order, no matter the
order given on the command line.
=item B<-l>, B<--files-with-matches>
Only print the filenames of matching files, instead of the matching text.
=item B<-L>, B<--files-without-matches>
Only print the filenames of files that do I<NOT> match. This is equivalent
to specifying B<-l> and B<-v>.
=item B<--match I<REGEX>>
Specify the I<REGEX> explicitly. This is helpful if you don't want to put the
regex as your first argument, e.g. when executing multiple searches over the
same set of files.
# search for foo and bar in given files
ack file1 t/file* --match foo
ack file1 t/file* --match bar
=item B<-m=I<NUM>>, B<--max-count=I<NUM>>
Stop reading a file after I<NUM> matches.
=item B<--man>
Print this manual page.
=item B<-n>, B<--no-recurse>
No descending into subdirectories.
=item B<-o>
Show only the part of each line matching PATTERN (turns off text
highlighting)
=item B<--output=I<expr>>
Output the evaluation of I<expr> for each line (turns off text
highlighting)
=item B<--pager=I<program>>
Direct ack's output through I<program>. This can also be specified
via the C<ACK_PAGER> and C<ACK_PAGER_COLOR> environment variables.
Using --pager does not suppress grouping and coloring like piping
output on the command-line does.
=item B<--passthru>
Prints all lines, whether or not they match the expression. Highlighting
will still work, though, so it can be used to highlight matches while
still seeing the entire file, as in:
# Watch a log file, and highlight a certain IP address
$ tail -f ~/access.log | ack --passthru 123.45.67.89
=item B<--print0>
Only works in conjunction with -f, -g, -l or -c (filename output). The filenames
are output separated with a null byte instead of the usual newline. This is
helpful when dealing with filenames that contain whitespace, e.g.
# remove all files of type html
ack -f --html --print0 | xargs -0 rm -f
=item B<-Q>, B<--literal>
Quote all metacharacters in PATTERN, it is treated as a literal.
This applies only to the PATTERN, not to the regexes given for the B<-g>
and B<-G> options.
=item B<-r>, B<-R>, B<--recurse>
Recurse into sub-directories. This is the default and just here for
compatibility with grep. You can also use it for turning B<--no-recurse> off.
=item B<--smart-case>, B<--no-smart-case>
Ignore case in the search strings if PATTERN contains no uppercase
characters. This is similar to C<smartcase> in vim. This option is
off by default.
B<-i> always overrides this option.
This applies only to the PATTERN, not to the regexes given for the
B<-g> and B<-G> options.
=item B<--sort-files>
Sorts the found files lexically. Use this if you want your file
listings to be deterministic between runs of I<ack>.
=item B<--show-types>
Outputs the filetypes that ack associates with each file.
Works with B<-f> and B<-g> options.
=item B<--thpppt>
Display the all-important Bill The Cat logo. Note that the exact
spelling of B<--thpppppt> is not important. It's checked against
a regular expression.
=item B<--type=TYPE>, B<--type=noTYPE>
Specify the types of files to include or exclude from a search.
TYPE is a filetype, like I<perl> or I<xml>. B<--type=perl> can
also be specified as B<--perl>, and B<--type=noperl> can be done
as B<--noperl>.
If a file is of both type "foo" and "bar", specifying --foo and
--nobar will exclude the file, because an exclusion takes precedence
over an inclusion.
Type specifications can be repeated and are ORed together.
See I<ack --help=types> for a list of valid types.
=item B<--type-add I<TYPE>=I<.EXTENSION>[,I<.EXT2>[,...]]>
Files with the given EXTENSION(s) are recognized as being of (the
existing) type TYPE. See also L</"Defining your own types">.
=item B<--type-set I<TYPE>=I<.EXTENSION>[,I<.EXT2>[,...]]>
Files with the given EXTENSION(s) are recognized as being of type
TYPE. This replaces an existing definition for type TYPE. See also
L</"Defining your own types">.
=item B<-u>, B<--unrestricted>
All files and directories (including blib/, core.*, ...) are searched,
nothing is skipped. When both B<-u> and B<--ignore-dir> are used, the
B<--ignore-dir> option has no effect.
=item B<-v>, B<--invert-match>
Invert match: select non-matching lines
This applies only to the PATTERN, not to the regexes given for the B<-g>
and B<-G> options.
=item B<--version>
Display version and copyright information.
=item B<-w>, B<--word-regexp>
Force PATTERN to match only whole words. The PATTERN is wrapped with
C<\b> metacharacters.
This applies only to the PATTERN, not to the regexes given for the B<-g>
and B<-G> options.
=item B<-1>
Stops after reporting first match of any kind. This is different
from B<--max-count=1> or B<-m1>, where only one match per file is
shown. Also, B<-1> works with B<-f> and B<-g>, where B<-m> does
not.
=back
=head1 THE .ackrc FILE
The F<.ackrc> file contains command-line options that are prepended
to the command line before processing. Multiple options may live
on multiple lines. Lines beginning with a # are ignored. A F<.ackrc>
might look like this:
# Always sort the files
--sort-files
# Always color, even if piping to a another program
--color
# Use "less -r" as my pager
--pager=less -r
Note that arguments with spaces in them do not need to be quoted,
as they are not interpreted by the shell. Basically, each I<line>
in the F<.ackrc> file is interpreted as one element of C<@ARGV>.
F<ack> looks in your home directory for the F<.ackrc>. You can
specify another location with the F<ACKRC> variable, below.
If B<--noenv> is specified on the command line, the F<.ackrc> file
is ignored.
=head1 Defining your own types
ack allows you to define your own types in addition to the predefined
types. This is done with command line options that are best put into
an F<.ackrc> file - then you do not have to define your types over and
over again. In the following examples the options will always be shown
on one command line so that they can be easily copy & pasted.
I<ack --perl foo> searches for foo in all perl files. I<ack --help=types>
tells you, that perl files are files ending
in .pl, .pm, .pod or .t. So what if you would like to include .xs
files as well when searching for --perl files? I<ack --type-add perl=.xs --perl foo>
does this for you. B<--type-add> appends
additional extensions to an existing type.
If you want to define a new type, or completely redefine an existing
type, then use B<--type-set>. I<ack --type-set
eiffel=.e,.eiffel> defines the type I<eiffel> to include files with
the extensions .e or .eiffel. So to search for all eiffel files
containing the word Bertrand use I<ack --type-set eiffel=.e,.eiffel --eiffel Bertrand>.
As usual, you can also write B<--type=eiffel>
instead of B<--eiffel>. Negation also works, so B<--noeiffel> excludes
all eiffel files from a search. Redefining also works: I<ack --type-set cc=.c,.h>
and I<.xs> files no longer belong to the type I<cc>.
When defining your own types in the F<.ackrc> file you have to use
the following:
--type-set=eiffel=.e,.eiffel
or writing on separate lines
--type-set
eiffel=.e,.eiffel
The following does B<NOT> work in the F<.ackrc> file:
--type-set eiffel=.e,.eiffel
In order to see all currently defined types, use I<--help types>, e.g.
I<ack --type-set backup=.bak --type-add perl=.perl --help types>
Restrictions:
=over 4
=item
The types 'skipped', 'make', 'binary' and 'text' are considered "builtin" and
cannot be altered.
=item
The shebang line recognition of the types 'perl', 'ruby', 'php', 'python',
'shell' and 'xml' cannot be redefined by I<--type-set>, it is always
active. However, the shebang line is only examined for files where the
extension is not recognised. Therefore it is possible to say
I<ack --type-set perl=.perl --type-set foo=.pl,.pm,.pod,.t --perl --nofoo> and
only find your shiny new I<.perl> files (and all files with unrecognized extension
and perl on the shebang line).
=back
=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
For commonly-used ack options, environment variables can make life much easier.
These variables are ignored if B<--noenv> is specified on the command line.
=over 4
=item ACKRC
Specifies the location of the F<.ackrc> file. If this file doesn't
exist, F<ack> looks in the default location.
=item ACK_OPTIONS
This variable specifies default options to be placed in front of
any explicit options on the command line.
=item ACK_COLOR_FILENAME
Specifies the color of the filename when it's printed in B<--group>
mode. By default, it's "bold green".
The recognized attributes are clear, reset, dark, bold, underline,
underscore, blink, reverse, concealed black, red, green, yellow,
blue, magenta, on_black, on_red, on_green, on_yellow, on_blue,
on_magenta, on_cyan, and on_white. Case is not significant.
Underline and underscore are equivalent, as are clear and reset.
The color alone sets the foreground color, and on_color sets the
background color.
This option can also be set with B<--color-filename>.
=item ACK_COLOR_MATCH
Specifies the color of the matching text when printed in B<--color>
mode. By default, it's "black on_yellow".
This option can also be set with B<--color-match>.
See B<ACK_COLOR_FILENAME> for the color specifications.
=item ACK_COLOR_LINENO
Specifies the color of the line number when printed in B<--color>
mode. By default, it's "bold yellow".
This option can also be set with B<--color-lineno>.
See B<ACK_COLOR_FILENAME> for the color specifications.
=item ACK_PAGER
Specifies a pager program, such as C<more>, C<less> or C<most>, to which
ack will send its output.
Using C<ACK_PAGER> does not suppress grouping and coloring like
piping output on the command-line does, except that on Windows
ack will assume that C<ACK_PAGER> does not support color.
C<ACK_PAGER_COLOR> overrides C<ACK_PAGER> if both are specified.
=item ACK_PAGER_COLOR
Specifies a pager program that understands ANSI color sequences.
Using C<ACK_PAGER_COLOR> does not suppress grouping and coloring
like piping output on the command-line does.
If you are not on Windows, you never need to use C<ACK_PAGER_COLOR>.
=back
=head1 ACK & OTHER TOOLS
=head2 Vim integration
F<ack> integrates easily with the Vim text editor. Set this in your
F<.vimrc> to use F<ack> instead of F<grep>:
set grepprg=ack\ -a
That examples uses C<-a> to search through all files, but you may
use other default flags. Now you can search with F<ack> and easily
step through the results in Vim:
:grep Dumper perllib
=head2 Emacs integration
Phil Jackson put together an F<ack.el> extension that "provides a
simple compilation mode ... has the ability to guess what files you
want to search for based on the major-mode."
L<http://www.shellarchive.co.uk/content/emacs.html>
=head2 TextMate integration
Pedro Melo is a TextMate user who writes "I spend my day mostly
inside TextMate, and the built-in find-in-project sucks with large
projects. So I hacked a TextMate command that was using find +
grep to use ack. The result is the Search in Project with ack, and
you can find it here:
L<http://www.simplicidade.org/notes/archives/2008/03/search_in_proje.html>"
=head2 Shell and Return Code
For greater compatibility with I<grep>, I<ack> in normal use returns
shell return or exit code of 0 only if something is found and 1 if
no match is found.
(Shell exit code 1 is C<$?=256> in perl with C<system> or backticks.)
The I<grep> code 2 for errors is not used.
If C<-f> or C<-g> are specified, then 0 is returned if at least one
file is found. If no files are found, then 1 is returned.
=cut
=head1 DEBUGGING ACK PROBLEMS
If ack gives you output you're not expecting, start with a few simple steps.
=head2 Use B<--noenv>
Your environment variables and F<.ackrc> may be doing things you're
not expecting, or forgotten you specified. Use B<--noenv> to ignore
your environment and F<.ackrc>.
=head2 Use B<-f> to see what files you're scanning
The reason I created B<-f> in the first place was as a debugging
tool. If ack is not finding matches you think it should find, run
F<ack -f> to see what files are being checked.
=head1 TIPS
=head2 Use the F<.ackrc> file.
The F<.ackrc> is the place to put all your options you use most of
the time but don't want to remember. Put all your --type-add and
--type-set definitions in it. If you like --smart-case, set it
there, too. I also set --sort-files there.
=head2 Use F<-f> for working with big codesets
Ack does more than search files. C<ack -f --perl> will create a
list of all the Perl files in a tree, ideal for sending into F<xargs>.
For example:
# Change all "this" to "that" in all Perl files in a tree.
ack -f --perl | xargs perl -p -i -e's/this/that/g'
or if you prefer:
perl -p -i -e's/this/thatg/' $(ack -f --perl)
=head2 Use F<-Q> when in doubt about metacharacters
If you're searching for something with a regular expression
metacharacter, most often a period in a filename or IP address, add
the -Q to avoid false positives without all the backslashing. See
the following example for more...
=head2 Use ack to watch log files
Here's one I used the other day to find trouble spots for a website
visitor. The user had a problem loading F<troublesome.gif>, so I
took the access log and scanned it with ack twice.
ack -Q aa.bb.cc.dd /path/to/access.log | ack -Q -B5 troublesome.gif
The first ack finds only the lines in the Apache log for the given
IP. The second finds the match on my troublesome GIF, and shows
the previous five lines from the log in each case.
=head2 Share your knowledge
Join the ack-users mailing list. Send me your tips and I may add
them here.
=head1 FAQ
=head2 Why isn't ack finding a match in (some file)?
Probably because it's of a type that ack doesn't recognize. ack's
searching behavior is driven by filetype. B<If ack doesn't know
what kind of file it is, ack ignores the file.>
Use the C<-f> switch to see a list of files that ack will search
for you.
If you want ack to search files that it doesn't recognize, use the
C<-a> switch.
If you want ack to search every file, even ones that it always
ignores like coredumps and backup files, use the C<-u> switch.
=head2 Why does ack ignore unknown files by default?
ack is designed by a programmer, for programmers, for searching
large trees of code. Most codebases have a lot files in them which
aren't source files (like compiled object files, source control
metadata, etc), and grep wastes a lot of time searching through all
of those as well and returning matches from those files.
That's why ack's behavior of not searching things it doesn't recognize
is one of its greatest strengths: the speed you get from only
searching the things that you want to be looking at.
=head2 Wouldn't it be great if F<ack> did search & replace?
No, ack will always be read-only. Perl has a perfectly good way
to do search & replace in files, using the C<-i>, C<-p> and C<-n>
switches.
You can certainly use ack to select your files to update. For
example, to change all "foo" to "bar" in all PHP files, you can do
this from the Unix shell:
$ perl -i -p -e's/foo/bar/g' $(ack -f --php)
=head2 Can you make ack recognize F<.xyz> files?
That's an enhancement. Please see the section in the manual about
enhancements.
=head2 There's already a program/package called ack.
Yes, I know.
=head2 Why is it called ack if it's called ack-grep?
The name of the program is "ack". Some packagers have called it
"ack-grep" when creating packages because there's already a package
out there called "ack" that has nothing to do with this ack.
I suggest you make a symlink named F<ack> that points to F<ack-grep>
because one of the crucial benefits of ack is having a name that's
so short and simple to type.
To do that, run this with F<sudo> or as root:
ln -s /usr/bin/ack-grep /usr/bin/ack
=head2 What does F<ack> mean?
Nothing. I wanted a name that was easy to type and that you could
pronounce as a single syllable.
=head2 Can I do multi-line regexes?
No, ack does not support regexes that match multiple lines. Doing
so would require reading in the entire file at a time.
If you want to see lines near your match, use the C<--A>, C<--B>
and C<--C> switches for displaying context.
=head1 AUTHOR
Andy Lester, C<< <andy at petdance.com> >>
=head1 BUGS
Please report any bugs or feature requests to the issues list at
Github: L<http://github.com/petdance/ack/issues>
=head1 ENHANCEMENTS
All enhancement requests MUST first be posted to the ack-users
mailing list at L<http://groups.google.com/group/ack-users>. I
will not consider a request without it first getting seen by other
ack users. This includes requests for new filetypes.
There is a list of enhancements I want to make to F<ack> in the ack
issues list at Github: L<http://github.com/petdance/ack/issues>
Patches are always welcome, but patches with tests get the most
attention.
=head1 SUPPORT
Support for and information about F<ack> can be found at:
=over 4
=item * The ack homepage
L<http://betterthangrep.com/>
=item * The ack issues list at Github
L<http://github.com/petdance/ack/issues>
=item * AnnoCPAN: Annotated CPAN documentation
L<http://annocpan.org/dist/ack>
=item * CPAN Ratings
L<http://cpanratings.perl.org/d/ack>
=item * Search CPAN
L<http://search.cpan.org/dist/ack>
=item * Git source repository
L<http://github.com/petdance/ack>
=back
=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
How appropriate to have I<ack>nowledgements!
Thanks to everyone who has contributed to ack in any way, including
Matthew Wild,
Scott Kyle,
Nick Hooey,
Bo Borgerson,
Mark Szymanski,
Marq Schneider,
Packy Anderson,
JR Boyens,
Dan Sully,
Ryan Niebur,
Kent Fredric,
Mike Morearty,
Ingmar Vanhassel,
Eric Van Dewoestine,
Sitaram Chamarty,
Adam James,
Richard Carlsson,
Pedro Melo,
AJ Schuster,
Phil Jackson,
Michael Schwern,
Jan Dubois,
Christopher J. Madsen,
Matthew Wickline,
David Dyck,
Jason Porritt,
Jjgod Jiang,
Thomas Klausner,
Uri Guttman,
Peter Lewis,
Kevin Riggle,
Ori Avtalion,
Torsten Blix,
Nigel Metheringham,
GE<aacute>bor SzabE<oacute>,
Tod Hagan,
Michael Hendricks,
E<AElig>var ArnfjE<ouml>rE<eth> Bjarmason,
Piers Cawley,
Stephen Steneker,
Elias Lutfallah,
Mark Leighton Fisher,
Matt Diephouse,
Christian Jaeger,
Bill Sully,
Bill Ricker,
David Golden,
Nilson Santos F. Jr,
Elliot Shank,
Merijn Broeren,
Uwe Voelker,
Rick Scott,
Ask BjE<oslash>rn Hansen,
Jerry Gay,
Will Coleda,
Mike O'Regan,
Slaven ReziE<0x107>,
Mark Stosberg,
David Alan Pisoni,
Adriano Ferreira,
James Keenan,
Leland Johnson,
Ricardo Signes
and Pete Krawczyk.
=head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
Copyright 2005-2011 Andy Lester.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the Artistic License v2.0.
=cut
package File::Next;
use strict;
use warnings;
our $VERSION = '1.06';
use File::Spec ();
our $name; # name of the current file
our $dir; # dir of the current file
our %files_defaults;
our %skip_dirs;
BEGIN {
%files_defaults = (
file_filter => undef,
descend_filter => undef,
error_handler => sub { CORE::die @_ },
sort_files => undef,
follow_symlinks => 1,
);
%skip_dirs = map {($_,1)} (File::Spec->curdir, File::Spec->updir);
}
sub files {
($_[0] eq __PACKAGE__) && die 'File::Next::files must not be invoked as File::Next->files';
my ($parms,@queue) = _setup( \%files_defaults, @_ );
my $filter = $parms->{file_filter};
return sub {
while (@queue) {
my ($dir,$file,$fullpath) = splice( @queue, 0, 3 );
if ( -f $fullpath ) {
if ( $filter ) {
local $_ = $file;
local $File::Next::dir = $dir;
local $File::Next::name = $fullpath;
next if not $filter->();
}
return wantarray ? ($dir,$file,$fullpath) : $fullpath;
}
elsif ( -d _ ) {
unshift( @queue, _candidate_files( $parms, $fullpath ) );
}
} # while
return;
}; # iterator
}
sub sort_standard($$) { return $_[0]->[1] cmp $_[1]->[1] }
sub sort_reverse($$) { return $_[1]->[1] cmp $_[0]->[1] }
sub reslash {
my $path = shift;
my @parts = split( /\//, $path );
return $path if @parts < 2;
return File::Spec->catfile( @parts );
}
sub _setup {
my $defaults = shift;
my $passed_parms = ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ? {%{+shift}} : {}; # copy parm hash
my %passed_parms = %{$passed_parms};
my $parms = {};
for my $key ( keys %{$defaults} ) {
$parms->{$key} =
exists $passed_parms{$key}
? delete $passed_parms{$key}
: $defaults->{$key};
}
# Any leftover keys are bogus
for my $badkey ( keys %passed_parms ) {
my $sub = (caller(1))[3];
$parms->{error_handler}->( "Invalid option passed to $sub(): $badkey" );
}
# If it's not a code ref, assume standard sort
if ( $parms->{sort_files} && ( ref($parms->{sort_files}) ne 'CODE' ) ) {
$parms->{sort_files} = \&sort_standard;
}
my @queue;
for ( @_ ) {
my $start = reslash( $_ );
if (-d $start) {
push @queue, ($start,undef,$start);
}
else {
push @queue, (undef,$start,$start);
}
}
return ($parms,@queue);
}
sub _candidate_files {
my $parms = shift;
my $dir = shift;
my $dh;
if ( !opendir $dh, $dir ) {
$parms->{error_handler}->( "$dir: $!" );
return;
}
my @newfiles;
my $descend_filter = $parms->{descend_filter};
my $follow_symlinks = $parms->{follow_symlinks};
my $sort_sub = $parms->{sort_files};
for my $file ( grep { !exists $skip_dirs{$_} } readdir $dh ) {
my $has_stat;
# Only do directory checking if we have a descend_filter
my $fullpath = File::Spec->catdir( $dir, $file );
if ( !$follow_symlinks ) {
next if -l $fullpath;
$has_stat = 1;
}
if ( $descend_filter ) {
if ( $has_stat ? (-d _) : (-d $fullpath) ) {
local $File::Next::dir = $fullpath;
local $_ = $file;
next if not $descend_filter->();
}
}
if ( $sort_sub ) {
push( @newfiles, [ $dir, $file, $fullpath ] );
}
else {
push( @newfiles, $dir, $file, $fullpath );
}
}
closedir $dh;
if ( $sort_sub ) {
return map { @{$_} } sort $sort_sub @newfiles;
}
return @newfiles;
}
1; # End of File::Next
package App::Ack;
use warnings;
use strict;
our $VERSION;
our $COPYRIGHT;
BEGIN {
$VERSION = '1.96';
$COPYRIGHT = 'Copyright 2005-2011 Andy Lester.';
}
our $fh;
BEGIN {
$fh = *STDOUT;
}
our %types;
our %type_wanted;
our %mappings;
our %ignore_dirs;
our $input_from_pipe;
our $output_to_pipe;
our $dir_sep_chars;
our $is_cygwin;
our $is_windows;
use File::Spec ();
use File::Glob ':glob';
use Getopt::Long ();
BEGIN {
%ignore_dirs = (
'.bzr' => 'Bazaar',
'.cdv' => 'Codeville',
'~.dep' => 'Interface Builder',
'~.dot' => 'Interface Builder',
'~.nib' => 'Interface Builder',
'~.plst' => 'Interface Builder',
'.git' => 'Git',
'.hg' => 'Mercurial',
'.osc' => 'openSUSE Commander',
'.pc' => 'quilt',
'.svn' => 'Subversion',
_MTN => 'Monotone',
blib => 'Perl module building',
CVS => 'CVS',
RCS => 'RCS',
SCCS => 'SCCS',
_darcs => 'darcs',
_sgbak => 'Vault/Fortress',
'autom4te.cache' => 'autoconf',
'cover_db' => 'Devel::Cover',
_build => 'Module::Build',
);
%mappings = (
actionscript => [qw( as mxml )],
ada => [qw( ada adb ads )],
asm => [qw( asm s )],
batch => [qw( bat cmd )],
binary => q{Binary files, as defined by Perl's -B op (default: off)},
cc => [qw( c h xs )],
cfmx => [qw( cfc cfm cfml )],
clojure => [qw( clj )],
cpp => [qw( cpp cc cxx m hpp hh h hxx )],
csharp => [qw( cs )],
css => [qw( css )],
delphi => [qw( pas int dfm nfm dof dpk dproj groupproj bdsgroup bdsproj )],
elisp => [qw( el )],
erlang => [qw( erl hrl )],
fortran => [qw( f f77 f90 f95 f03 for ftn fpp )],
go => [qw( go )],
groovy => [qw( groovy gtmpl gpp grunit )],
haskell => [qw( hs lhs )],
hh => [qw( h )],
html => [qw( htm html shtml xhtml )],
java => [qw( java properties )],
js => [qw( js )],
jsp => [qw( jsp jspx jhtm jhtml )],
lisp => [qw( lisp lsp )],
lua => [qw( lua )],
make => q{Makefiles (including *.mk and *.mak)},
mason => [qw( mas mhtml mpl mtxt )],
objc => [qw( m h )],
objcpp => [qw( mm h )],
ocaml => [qw( ml mli )],
parrot => [qw( pir pasm pmc ops pod pg tg )],
perl => [qw( pl pm pm6 pod t )],
php => [qw( php phpt php3 php4 php5 phtml)],
plone => [qw( pt cpt metadata cpy py )],
python => [qw( py )],
rake => q{Rakefiles},
ruby => [qw( rb rhtml rjs rxml erb rake spec )],
scala => [qw( scala )],
scheme => [qw( scm ss )],
shell => [qw( sh bash csh tcsh ksh zsh )],
skipped => q{Files, but not directories, normally skipped by ack (default: off)},
smalltalk => [qw( st )],
sql => [qw( sql ctl )],
tcl => [qw( tcl itcl itk )],
tex => [qw( tex cls sty )],
text => q{Text files, as defined by Perl's -T op (default: off)},
tt => [qw( tt tt2 ttml )],
vb => [qw( bas cls frm ctl vb resx )],
verilog => [qw( v vh sv )],
vhdl => [qw( vhd vhdl )],
vim => [qw( vim )],
yaml => [qw( yaml yml )],
xml => [qw( xml dtd xsl xslt ent )],
rpm => [qw( spec )],
spec => [qw( spec )],
);
while ( my ($type,$exts) = each %mappings ) {
if ( ref $exts ) {
for my $ext ( @{$exts} ) {
push( @{$types{$ext}}, $type );
}
}
}
# add manually Makefile extensions
push @{$types{$_}}, 'make' for qw{ mk mak };
# These have to be checked before any filehandle diddling.
$output_to_pipe = not -t *STDOUT;
$input_from_pipe = -p STDIN;
$is_cygwin = ($^O eq 'cygwin');
$is_windows = ($^O =~ /MSWin32/);
$dir_sep_chars = $is_windows ? quotemeta( '\\/' ) : quotemeta( File::Spec->catfile( '', '' ) );
}
sub read_ackrc {
my @files = ( $ENV{ACKRC} );
my @dirs =
$is_windows
? ( $ENV{HOME}, $ENV{USERPROFILE} )
: ( '~', $ENV{HOME} );
for my $dir ( grep { defined } @dirs ) {
for my $file ( '.ackrc', '_ackrc' ) {
push( @files, bsd_glob( "$dir/$file", GLOB_TILDE ) );
}
}
for my $filename ( @files ) {
if ( defined $filename && -e $filename ) {
open( my $fh, '<', $filename ) or App::Ack::die( "$filename: $!\n" );
my @lines = grep { /./ && !/^\s*#/ } <$fh>;
chomp @lines;
close $fh or App::Ack::die( "$filename: $!\n" );
# get rid of leading and trailing whitespaces
for ( @lines ) {
s/^\s+//;
s/\s+$//;
}
return @lines;
}
}
return;
}
sub get_command_line_options {
my %opt = (
pager => $ENV{ACK_PAGER_COLOR} || $ENV{ACK_PAGER},
);
my $getopt_specs = {
1 => sub { $opt{1} = $opt{m} = 1 },
'A|after-context=i' => \$opt{after_context},
'B|before-context=i' => \$opt{before_context},
'C|context:i' => sub { shift; my $val = shift; $opt{before_context} = $opt{after_context} = ($val || 2) },
'a|all-types' => \$opt{all},
'break!' => \$opt{break},
c => \$opt{count},
'color|colour!' => \$opt{color},
'color-match=s' => \$ENV{ACK_COLOR_MATCH},
'color-filename=s' => \$ENV{ACK_COLOR_FILENAME},
'color-lineno=s' => \$ENV{ACK_COLOR_LINENO},
'column!' => \$opt{column},
count => \$opt{count},
'env!' => sub { }, # ignore this option, it is handled beforehand
f => \$opt{f},
flush => \$opt{flush},
'follow!' => \$opt{follow},
'g=s' => sub { shift; $opt{G} = shift; $opt{f} = 1 },
'G=s' => \$opt{G},
'group!' => sub { shift; $opt{heading} = $opt{break} = shift },
'heading!' => \$opt{heading},
'h|no-filename' => \$opt{h},
'H|with-filename' => \$opt{H},
'i|ignore-case' => \$opt{i},
'invert-file-match' => \$opt{invert_file_match},
'lines=s' => sub { shift; my $val = shift; push @{$opt{lines}}, $val },
'l|files-with-matches' => \$opt{l},
'L|files-without-matches' => sub { $opt{l} = $opt{v} = 1 },
'm|max-count=i' => \$opt{m},
'match=s' => \$opt{regex},
'n|no-recurse' => \$opt{n},
o => sub { $opt{output} = '$&' },
'output=s' => \$opt{output},
'pager=s' => \$opt{pager},
'nopager' => sub { $opt{pager} = undef },
'passthru' => \$opt{passthru},
'print0' => \$opt{print0},
'Q|literal' => \$opt{Q},
'r|R|recurse' => sub { $opt{n} = 0 },
'show-types' => \$opt{show_types},
'smart-case!' => \$opt{smart_case},
'sort-files' => \$opt{sort_files},
'u|unrestricted' => \$opt{u},
'v|invert-match' => \$opt{v},
'w|word-regexp' => \$opt{w},
'ignore-dirs=s' => sub { shift; my $dir = remove_dir_sep( shift ); $ignore_dirs{$dir} = '--ignore-dirs' },
'noignore-dirs=s' => sub { shift; my $dir = remove_dir_sep( shift ); delete $ignore_dirs{$dir} },
'version' => sub { print_version_statement(); exit; },
'help|?:s' => sub { shift; show_help(@_); exit; },
'help-types'=> sub { show_help_types(); exit; },
'man' => sub {
require Pod::Usage;
Pod::Usage::pod2usage({
-verbose => 2,
-exitval => 0,
});
},
'type=s' => sub {
# Whatever --type=xxx they specify, set it manually in the hash
my $dummy = shift;
my $type = shift;
my $wanted = ($type =~ s/^no//) ? 0 : 1; # must not be undef later
if ( exists $type_wanted{ $type } ) {
$type_wanted{ $type } = $wanted;
}
else {
App::Ack::die( qq{Unknown --type "$type"} );
}
}, # type sub
};
# Stick any default switches at the beginning, so they can be overridden
# by the command line switches.
unshift @ARGV, split( ' ', $ENV{ACK_OPTIONS} ) if defined $ENV{ACK_OPTIONS};
# first pass through options, looking for type definitions
def_types_from_ARGV();
for my $i ( filetypes_supported() ) {
$getopt_specs->{ "$i!" } = \$type_wanted{ $i };
}
my $parser = Getopt::Long::Parser->new();
$parser->configure( 'bundling', 'no_ignore_case', );
$parser->getoptions( %{$getopt_specs} ) or
App::Ack::die( 'See ack --help, ack --help-types or ack --man for options.' );
my $to_screen = not output_to_pipe();
my %defaults = (
all => 0,
color => $to_screen,
follow => 0,
break => $to_screen,
heading => $to_screen,
before_context => 0,
after_context => 0,
);
if ( $is_windows && $defaults{color} && not $ENV{ACK_PAGER_COLOR} ) {
if ( $ENV{ACK_PAGER} || not eval { require Win32::Console::ANSI } ) {
$defaults{color} = 0;
}
}
if ( $to_screen && $ENV{ACK_PAGER_COLOR} ) {
$defaults{color} = 1;
}
while ( my ($key,$value) = each %defaults ) {
if ( not defined $opt{$key} ) {
$opt{$key} = $value;
}
}
if ( defined $opt{m} && $opt{m} <= 0 ) {
App::Ack::die( '-m must be greater than zero' );
}
for ( qw( before_context after_context ) ) {
if ( defined $opt{$_} && $opt{$_} < 0 ) {
App::Ack::die( "--$_ may not be negative" );
}
}
if ( defined( my $val = $opt{output} ) ) {
$opt{output} = eval qq[ sub { "$val" } ];
}
if ( defined( my $l = $opt{lines} ) ) {
# --line=1 --line=5 is equivalent to --line=1,5
my @lines = split( /,/, join( ',', @{$l} ) );
# --line=1-3 is equivalent to --line=1,2,3
@lines = map {
my @ret;
if ( /-/ ) {
my ($from, $to) = split /-/, $_;
if ( $from > $to ) {
App::Ack::warn( "ignoring --line=$from-$to" );
@ret = ();
}
else {
@ret = ( $from .. $to );
}
}
else {
@ret = ( $_ );
};
@ret
} @lines;
if ( @lines ) {
my %uniq;
@uniq{ @lines } = ();
$opt{lines} = [ sort { $a <=> $b } keys %uniq ]; # numerical sort and each line occurs only once!
}
else {
# happens if there are only ignored --line directives
App::Ack::die( 'All --line options are invalid.' );
}
}
return \%opt;
}
sub def_types_from_ARGV {
my @typedef;
my $parser = Getopt::Long::Parser->new();
# pass_through => leave unrecognized command line arguments alone
# no_auto_abbrev => otherwise -c is expanded and not left alone
$parser->configure( 'no_ignore_case', 'pass_through', 'no_auto_abbrev' );
$parser->getoptions(
'type-set=s' => sub { shift; push @typedef, ['c', shift] },
'type-add=s' => sub { shift; push @typedef, ['a', shift] },
) or App::Ack::die( 'See ack --help or ack --man for options.' );
for my $td (@typedef) {
my ($type, $ext) = split /=/, $td->[1];
if ( $td->[0] eq 'c' ) {
# type-set
if ( exists $mappings{$type} ) {
# can't redefine types 'make', 'skipped', 'text' and 'binary'
App::Ack::die( qq{--type-set: Builtin type "$type" cannot be changed.} )
if ref $mappings{$type} ne 'ARRAY';
delete_type($type);
}
}
else {
# type-add
# can't append to types 'make', 'skipped', 'text' and 'binary'
App::Ack::die( qq{--type-add: Builtin type "$type" cannot be changed.} )
if exists $mappings{$type} && ref $mappings{$type} ne 'ARRAY';
App::Ack::warn( qq{--type-add: Type "$type" does not exist, creating with "$ext" ...} )
unless exists $mappings{$type};
}
my @exts = split /,/, $ext;
s/^\.// for @exts;
if ( !exists $mappings{$type} || ref($mappings{$type}) eq 'ARRAY' ) {
push @{$mappings{$type}}, @exts;
for my $e ( @exts ) {
push @{$types{$e}}, $type;
}
}
else {
App::Ack::die( qq{Cannot append to type "$type".} );
}
}
return;
}
sub delete_type {
my $type = shift;
App::Ack::die( qq{Internal error: Cannot delete builtin type "$type".} )
unless ref $mappings{$type} eq 'ARRAY';
delete $mappings{$type};
delete $type_wanted{$type};
for my $ext ( keys %types ) {
$types{$ext} = [ grep { $_ ne $type } @{$types{$ext}} ];
}
}
sub ignoredir_filter {
return !exists $ignore_dirs{$_} && !exists $ignore_dirs{$File::Next::dir};
}
sub remove_dir_sep {
my $path = shift;
$path =~ s/[$dir_sep_chars]$//;
return $path;
}
use constant TEXT => 'text';
sub filetypes {
my $filename = shift;
my $basename = $filename;
$basename =~ s{.*[$dir_sep_chars]}{};
return 'skipped' unless is_searchable( $basename );
my $lc_basename = lc $basename;
return ('make',TEXT) if $lc_basename eq 'makefile' || $lc_basename eq 'gnumakefile';
return ('rake','ruby',TEXT) if $lc_basename eq 'rakefile';
# If there's an extension, look it up
if ( $filename =~ m{\.([^\.$dir_sep_chars]+)$}o ) {
my $ref = $types{lc $1};
return (@{$ref},TEXT) if $ref;
}
# At this point, we can't tell from just the name. Now we have to
# open it and look inside.
return unless -e $filename;
# From Elliot Shank:
# I can't see any reason that -r would fail on these-- the ACLs look
# fine, and no program has any of them open, so the busted Windows
# file locking model isn't getting in there. If I comment the if
# statement out, everything works fine
# So, for cygwin, don't bother trying to check for readability.
if ( !$is_cygwin ) {
if ( !-r $filename ) {
App::Ack::warn( "$filename: Permission denied" );
return;
}
}
return 'binary' if -B $filename;
# If there's no extension, or we don't recognize it, check the shebang line
my $fh;
if ( !open( $fh, '<', $filename ) ) {
App::Ack::warn( "$filename: $!" );
return;
}
my $header = <$fh>;
close $fh;
if ( $header =~ /^#!/ ) {
return ($1,TEXT) if $header =~ /\b(ruby|lua|p(?:erl|hp|ython))-?(\d[\d.]*)?\b/;
return ('shell',TEXT) if $header =~ /\b(?:ba|t?c|k|z)?sh\b/;
}
else {
return ('xml',TEXT) if $header =~ /\Q<?xml /i;
}
return (TEXT);
}
sub is_searchable {
my $filename = shift;
# If these are updated, update the --help message
return if $filename =~ /[.]bak$/;
return if $filename =~ /~$/;
return if $filename =~ m{^#.*#$}o;
return if $filename =~ m{^core\.\d+$}o;
return if $filename =~ m{[._].*\.swp$}o;
return if $filename =~ /[.-]min\.js$/;
return 1;
}
sub build_regex {
my $str = shift;
my $opt = shift;
defined $str or App::Ack::die( 'No regular expression found.' );
$str = quotemeta( $str ) if $opt->{Q};
if ( $opt->{w} ) {
$str = "\\b$str" if $str =~ /^\w/;
$str = "$str\\b" if $str =~ /\w$/;
}
my $regex_is_lc = $str eq lc $str;
if ( $opt->{i} || ($opt->{smart_case} && $regex_is_lc) ) {
$str = "(?i)$str";
}
return $str;
}
sub check_regex {
my $regex = shift;
return unless defined $regex;
eval { qr/$regex/ };
if ($@) {
(my $error = $@) =~ s/ at \S+ line \d+.*//;
chomp($error);
App::Ack::die( "Invalid regex '$regex':\n $error" );
}
return;
}
sub warn {
return CORE::warn( _my_program(), ': ', @_, "\n" );
}
sub die {
return CORE::die( _my_program(), ': ', @_, "\n" );
}
sub _my_program {
require File::Basename;
return File::Basename::basename( $0 );
}
sub filetypes_supported {
return keys %mappings;
}
sub _get_thpppt {
my $y = q{_ /|,\\'!.x',=(www)=, U };
$y =~ tr/,x!w/\nOo_/;
return $y;
}
sub _thpppt {
my $y = _get_thpppt();
App::Ack::print( "$y ack $_[0]!\n" );
exit 0;
}
sub _key {
my $str = lc shift;
$str =~ s/[^a-z]//g;
return $str;
}
sub show_help {
my $help_arg = shift || 0;
return show_help_types() if $help_arg =~ /^types?/;
my $ignore_dirs = _listify( sort { _key($a) cmp _key($b) } keys %ignore_dirs );
App::Ack::print( <<"END_OF_HELP" );
Usage: ack [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]
Search for PATTERN in each source file in the tree from cwd on down.
If [FILES] is specified, then only those files/directories are checked.
ack may also search STDIN, but only if no FILE are specified, or if
one of FILES is "-".
Default switches may be specified in ACK_OPTIONS environment variable or
an .ackrc file. If you want no dependency on the environment, turn it
off with --noenv.
Example: ack -i select
Searching:
-i, --ignore-case Ignore case distinctions in PATTERN
--[no]smart-case Ignore case distinctions in PATTERN,
only if PATTERN contains no upper case
Ignored if -i is specified
-v, --invert-match Invert match: select non-matching lines
-w, --word-regexp Force PATTERN to match only whole words
-Q, --literal Quote all metacharacters; PATTERN is literal
Search output:
--line=NUM Only print line(s) NUM of each file
-l, --files-with-matches
Only print filenames containing matches
-L, --files-without-matches
Only print filenames with no matches
-o Show only the part of a line matching PATTERN
(turns off text highlighting)
--passthru Print all lines, whether matching or not
--output=expr Output the evaluation of expr for each line
(turns off text highlighting)
--match PATTERN Specify PATTERN explicitly.
-m, --max-count=NUM Stop searching in each file after NUM matches
-1 Stop searching after one match of any kind
-H, --with-filename Print the filename for each match
-h, --no-filename Suppress the prefixing filename on output
-c, --count Show number of lines matching per file
--column Show the column number of the first match
-A NUM, --after-context=NUM
Print NUM lines of trailing context after matching
lines.
-B NUM, --before-context=NUM
Print NUM lines of leading context before matching
lines.
-C [NUM], --context[=NUM]
Print NUM lines (default 2) of output context.
--print0 Print null byte as separator between filenames,
only works with -f, -g, -l, -L or -c.
File presentation:
--pager=COMMAND Pipes all ack output through COMMAND. For example,
--pager="less -R". Ignored if output is redirected.
--nopager Do not send output through a pager. Cancels any
setting in ~/.ackrc, ACK_PAGER or ACK_PAGER_COLOR.
--[no]heading Print a filename heading above each file's results.
(default: on when used interactively)
--[no]break Print a break between results from different files.
(default: on when used interactively)
--group Same as --heading --break
--nogroup Same as --noheading --nobreak
--[no]color Highlight the matching text (default: on unless
output is redirected, or on Windows)
--[no]colour Same as --[no]color
--color-filename=COLOR
--color-match=COLOR
--color-lineno=COLOR Set the color for filenames, matches, and line numbers.
--flush Flush output immediately, even when ack is used
non-interactively (when output goes to a pipe or
file).
File finding:
-f Only print the files found, without searching.
The PATTERN must not be specified.
-g REGEX Same as -f, but only print files matching REGEX.
--sort-files Sort the found files lexically.
--invert-file-match Print/search handle files that do not match -g/-G.
--show-types Show which types each file has.
File inclusion/exclusion:
-a, --all-types All file types searched;
Ignores CVS, .svn and other ignored directories
-u, --unrestricted All files and directories searched
--[no]ignore-dir=name Add/Remove directory from the list of ignored dirs
-r, -R, --recurse Recurse into subdirectories (ack's default behavior)
-n, --no-recurse No descending into subdirectories
-G REGEX Only search files that match REGEX
--perl Include only Perl files.
--type=perl Include only Perl files.
--noperl Exclude Perl files.
--type=noperl Exclude Perl files.
See "ack --help type" for supported filetypes.
--type-set TYPE=.EXTENSION[,.EXT2[,...]]
Files with the given EXTENSION(s) are recognized as
being of type TYPE. This replaces an existing
definition for type TYPE.
--type-add TYPE=.EXTENSION[,.EXT2[,...]]
Files with the given EXTENSION(s) are recognized as
being of (the existing) type TYPE
--[no]follow Follow symlinks. Default is off.
Directories ignored by default:
$ignore_dirs
Files not checked for type:
/~\$/ - Unix backup files
/#.+#\$/ - Emacs swap files
/[._].*\\.swp\$/ - Vi(m) swap files
/core\\.\\d+\$/ - core dumps
/[.-]min\\.js\$/ - Minified javascript files
Miscellaneous:
--noenv Ignore environment variables and ~/.ackrc
--help This help
--man Man page
--version Display version & copyright
--thpppt Bill the Cat
Exit status is 0 if match, 1 if no match.
This is version $VERSION of ack.
END_OF_HELP
return;
}
sub show_help_types {
App::Ack::print( <<'END_OF_HELP' );
Usage: ack [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILES]
The following is the list of filetypes supported by ack. You can
specify a file type with the --type=TYPE format, or the --TYPE
format. For example, both --type=perl and --perl work.
Note that some extensions may appear in multiple types. For example,
.pod files are both Perl and Parrot.
END_OF_HELP
my @types = filetypes_supported();
my $maxlen = 0;
for ( @types ) {
$maxlen = length if $maxlen < length;
}
for my $type ( sort @types ) {
next if $type =~ /^-/; # Stuff to not show
my $ext_list = $mappings{$type};
if ( ref $ext_list ) {
$ext_list = join( ' ', map { ".$_" } @{$ext_list} );
}
App::Ack::print( sprintf( " --[no]%-*.*s %s\n", $maxlen, $maxlen, $type, $ext_list ) );
}
return;
}
sub _listify {
my @whats = @_;
return '' if !@whats;
my $end = pop @whats;
my $str = @whats ? join( ', ', @whats ) . " and $end" : $end;
no warnings 'once';
require Text::Wrap;
$Text::Wrap::columns = 75;
return Text::Wrap::wrap( '', ' ', $str );
}
sub get_version_statement {
require Config;
my $copyright = get_copyright();
my $this_perl = $Config::Config{perlpath};
if ($^O ne 'VMS') {
my $ext = $Config::Config{_exe};
$this_perl .= $ext unless $this_perl =~ m/$ext$/i;
}
my $ver = sprintf( '%vd', $^V );
return <<"END_OF_VERSION";
ack $VERSION
Running under Perl $ver at $this_perl
$copyright
This program is free software. You may modify or distribute it
under the terms of the Artistic License v2.0.
END_OF_VERSION
}
sub print_version_statement {
App::Ack::print( get_version_statement() );
return;
}
sub get_copyright {
return $COPYRIGHT;
}
sub load_colors {
eval 'use Term::ANSIColor ()';
$ENV{ACK_COLOR_MATCH} ||= 'black on_yellow';
$ENV{ACK_COLOR_FILENAME} ||= 'bold green';
$ENV{ACK_COLOR_LINENO} ||= 'bold yellow';
return;
}
sub is_interesting {
return if /^\./;
my $include;
for my $type ( filetypes( $File::Next::name ) ) {
if ( defined $type_wanted{$type} ) {
if ( $type_wanted{$type} ) {
$include = 1;
}
else {
return;
}
}
}
return $include;
}
# print subs added in order to make it easy for a third party
# module (such as App::Wack) to redefine the display methods
# and show the results in a different way.
sub print { print {$fh} @_ }
sub print_first_filename { App::Ack::print( $_[0], "\n" ) }
sub print_blank_line { App::Ack::print( "\n" ) }
sub print_separator { App::Ack::print( "--\n" ) }
sub print_filename { App::Ack::print( $_[0], $_[1] ) }
sub print_line_no { App::Ack::print( $_[0], $_[1] ) }
sub print_column_no { App::Ack::print( $_[0], $_[1] ) }
sub print_count {
my $filename = shift;
my $nmatches = shift;
my $ors = shift;
my $count = shift;
my $show_filename = shift;
if ($show_filename) {
App::Ack::print( $filename );
App::Ack::print( ':', $nmatches ) if $count;
}
else {
App::Ack::print( $nmatches ) if $count;
}
App::Ack::print( $ors );
}
sub print_count0 {
my $filename = shift;
my $ors = shift;
my $show_filename = shift;
if ($show_filename) {
App::Ack::print( $filename, ':0', $ors );
}
else {
App::Ack::print( '0', $ors );
}
}
{
my $filename;
my $regex;
my $display_filename;
my $keep_context;
my $last_output_line; # number of the last line that has been output
my $any_output; # has there been any output for the current file yet
my $context_overall_output_count; # has there been any output at all
sub search_resource {
my $res = shift;
my $opt = shift;
$filename = $res->name();
my $v = $opt->{v};
my $passthru = $opt->{passthru};
my $max = $opt->{m};
my $nmatches = 0;
$display_filename = undef;
# for --line processing
my $has_lines = 0;
my @lines;
if ( defined $opt->{lines} ) {
$has_lines = 1;
@lines = ( @{$opt->{lines}}, -1 );
undef $regex; # Don't match when printing matching line
}
else {
$regex = qr/$opt->{regex}/;
}
# for context processing
$last_output_line = -1;
$any_output = 0;
my $before_context = $opt->{before_context};
my $after_context = $opt->{after_context};
$keep_context = ($before_context || $after_context) && !$passthru;
my @before;
my $before_starts_at_line;
my $after = 0; # number of lines still to print after a match
while ( $res->next_text ) {
# XXX Optimize away the case when there are no more @lines to find.
# XXX $has_lines, $passthru and $v never change. Optimize.
if ( $has_lines
? $. != $lines[0] # $lines[0] should be a scalar
: $v ? m/$regex/ : !m/$regex/ ) {
if ( $passthru ) {
App::Ack::print( $_ );
next;
}
if ( $keep_context ) {
if ( $after ) {
print_match_or_context( $opt, 0, $., $-[0], $+[0], $_ );
$after--;
}
elsif ( $before_context ) {
if ( @before ) {
if ( @before >= $before_context ) {
shift @before;
++$before_starts_at_line;
}
}
else {
$before_starts_at_line = $.;
}
push @before, $_;
}
last if $max && ( $nmatches >= $max ) && !$after;
}
next;
} # not a match
++$nmatches;
# print an empty line as a divider before first line in each file (not before the first file)
if ( !$any_output && $opt->{show_filename} && $opt->{break} && defined( $context_overall_output_count ) ) {
App::Ack::print_blank_line();
}
shift @lines if $has_lines;
if ( $res->is_binary ) {
App::Ack::print( "Binary file $filename matches\n" );
last;
}
if ( $keep_context ) {
if ( @before ) {
print_match_or_context( $opt, 0, $before_starts_at_line, $-[0], $+[0], @before );
@before = ();
$before_starts_at_line = 0;
}
if ( $max && $nmatches > $max ) {
--$after;
}
else {
$after = $after_context;
}
}
print_match_or_context( $opt, 1, $., $-[0], $+[0], $_ );
last if $max && ( $nmatches >= $max ) && !$after;
} # while
return $nmatches;
} # search_resource()
sub print_match_or_context {
my $opt = shift; # opts array
my $is_match = shift; # is there a match on the line?
my $line_no = shift;
my $match_start = shift;
my $match_end = shift;
my $color = $opt->{color};
my $heading = $opt->{heading};
my $show_filename = $opt->{show_filename};
my $show_column = $opt->{column};
if ( $show_filename ) {
if ( not defined $display_filename ) {
$display_filename =
$color
? Term::ANSIColor::colored( $filename, $ENV{ACK_COLOR_FILENAME} )
: $filename;
if ( $heading && !$any_output ) {
App::Ack::print_first_filename($display_filename);
}
}
}
my $sep = $is_match ? ':' : '-';
my $output_func = $opt->{output};
for ( @_ ) {
if ( $keep_context && !$output_func ) {
if ( ( $last_output_line != $line_no - 1 ) &&
( $any_output || ( !$heading && defined( $context_overall_output_count ) ) ) ) {
App::Ack::print_separator();
}
# to ensure separators between different files when --noheading
$last_output_line = $line_no;
}
if ( $show_filename ) {
App::Ack::print_filename($display_filename, $sep) if not $heading;
my $display_line_no =
$color
? Term::ANSIColor::colored( $line_no, $ENV{ACK_COLOR_LINENO} )
: $line_no;
App::Ack::print_line_no($display_line_no, $sep);
}
if ( $output_func ) {
while ( /$regex/go ) {
App::Ack::print( $output_func->() . "\n" );
}
}
else {
if ( $color && $is_match && $regex &&
s/$regex/Term::ANSIColor::colored( substr($_, $-[0], $+[0] - $-[0]), $ENV{ACK_COLOR_MATCH} )/eg ) {
# At the end of the line reset the color and remove newline
s/[\r\n]*\z/\e[0m\e[K/;
}
else {
# remove any kind of newline at the end of the line
s/[\r\n]*\z//;
}
if ( $show_column ) {
App::Ack::print_column_no( $match_start+1, $sep );
}
App::Ack::print($_ . "\n");
}
$any_output = 1;
++$context_overall_output_count;
++$line_no;
}
return;
} # print_match_or_context()
} # scope around search_resource() and print_match_or_context()
TOTAL_COUNT_SCOPE: {
my $total_count;
sub get_total_count {
return $total_count;
}
sub reset_total_count {
$total_count = 0;
}
sub search_and_list {
my $res = shift;
my $opt = shift;
my $nmatches = 0;
my $count = $opt->{count};
my $ors = $opt->{print0} ? "\0" : "\n"; # output record separator
my $show_filename = $opt->{show_filename};
my $regex = qr/$opt->{regex}/;
if ( $opt->{v} ) {
while ( $res->next_text ) {
if ( /$regex/ ) {
return 0 unless $count;
}
else {
++$nmatches;
}
}
}
else {
while ( $res->next_text ) {
if ( /$regex/ ) {
++$nmatches;
last unless $count;
}
}
}
if ( $opt->{show_total} ) {
$total_count += $nmatches;
}
else {
if ( $nmatches ) {
App::Ack::print_count( $res->name, $nmatches, $ors, $count, $show_filename );
}
elsif ( $count && !$opt->{l} ) {
App::Ack::print_count0( $res->name, $ors, $show_filename );
}
}
return $nmatches ? 1 : 0;
} # search_and_list()
} # scope around $total_count
sub filetypes_supported_set {
return grep { defined $type_wanted{$_} && ($type_wanted{$_} == 1) } filetypes_supported();
}
sub print_files {
my $iter = shift;
my $opt = shift;
my $ors = $opt->{print0} ? "\0" : "\n";
my $nmatches = 0;
while ( defined ( my $file = $iter->() ) ) {
App::Ack::print $file, $opt->{show_types} ? " => " . join( ',', filetypes( $file ) ) : (), $ors;
$nmatches++;
last if $opt->{1};
}
return $nmatches;
}
sub print_files_with_matches {
my $iter = shift;
my $opt = shift;
# if we have -l and only 1 file given on command line (this means
# show_filename is set to 0), we want to see the filename nevertheless
$opt->{show_filename} = 1 if $opt->{l};
$opt->{show_filename} = 0 if $opt->{h};
$opt->{show_filename} = 1 if $opt->{H};
# abuse options to hand in the show_total parameter to search_and_list
$opt->{show_total} = $opt->{count} && !$opt->{show_filename};
reset_total_count();
my $nmatches = 0;
while ( defined ( my $filename = $iter->() ) ) {
my $repo = App::Ack::Repository::Basic->new( $filename );
my $res;
while ( $res = $repo->next_resource() ) {
$nmatches += search_and_list( $res, $opt );
$res->close();
last if $nmatches && $opt->{1};
}
$repo->close();
}
if ( $nmatches && $opt->{show_total} ) {
App::Ack::print_count('', get_total_count(), "\n", 1, 0 )
}
return $nmatches;
}
sub print_matches {
my $iter = shift;
my $opt = shift;
$opt->{show_filename} = 0 if $opt->{h};
$opt->{show_filename} = 1 if $opt->{H};
my $nmatches = 0;
while ( defined ( my $filename = $iter->() ) ) {
my $repo;
my $tarballs_work = 0;
if ( $tarballs_work && $filename =~ /\.tar\.gz$/ ) {
App::Ack::die( 'Not working here yet' );
require App::Ack::Repository::Tar; # XXX Error checking
$repo = App::Ack::Repository::Tar->new( $filename );
}
else {
$repo = App::Ack::Repository::Basic->new( $filename );
}
$repo or next;
while ( my $res = $repo->next_resource() ) {
my $needs_line_scan;
if ( $opt->{regex} && !$opt->{passthru} ) {
$needs_line_scan = $res->needs_line_scan( $opt );
if ( $needs_line_scan ) {
$res->reset();
}
}
else {
$needs_line_scan = 1;
}
if ( $needs_line_scan ) {
$nmatches += search_resource( $res, $opt );
}
$res->close();
}
last if $nmatches && $opt->{1};
$repo->close();
}
return $nmatches;
}
sub filetype_setup {
my $filetypes_supported_set = filetypes_supported_set();
# If anyone says --no-whatever, we assume all other types must be on.
if ( !$filetypes_supported_set ) {
for my $i ( keys %type_wanted ) {
$type_wanted{$i} = 1 unless ( defined( $type_wanted{$i} ) || $i eq 'binary' || $i eq 'text' || $i eq 'skipped' );
}
}
return;
}
EXPAND_FILENAMES_SCOPE: {
my $filter;
sub expand_filenames {
my $argv = shift;
my $attr;
my @files;
foreach my $pattern ( @{$argv} ) {
my @results = bsd_glob( $pattern );
if (@results == 0) {
@results = $pattern; # Glob didn't match, pass it thru unchanged
}
elsif ( (@results > 1) or ($results[0] ne $pattern) ) {
if (not defined $filter) {
eval 'require Win32::File;';
if ($@) {
$filter = 0;
}
else {
$filter = Win32::File::HIDDEN()|Win32::File::SYSTEM();
}
} # end unless we've tried to load Win32::File
if ( $filter ) {
# Filter out hidden and system files:
@results = grep { not(Win32::File::GetAttributes($_, $attr) and $attr & $filter) } @results;
App::Ack::warn( "$pattern: Matched only hidden files" ) unless @results;
} # end if we can filter by file attributes
} # end elsif this pattern got expanded
push @files, @results;
} # end foreach pattern
return \@files;
} # end expand_filenames
} # EXPAND_FILENAMES_SCOPE
sub get_starting_points {
my $argv = shift;
my $opt = shift;
my @what;
if ( @{$argv} ) {
@what = @{ $is_windows ? expand_filenames($argv) : $argv };
$_ = File::Next::reslash( $_ ) for @what;
# Show filenames unless we've specified one single file
$opt->{show_filename} = (@what > 1) || (!-f $what[0]);
}
else {
@what = '.'; # Assume current directory
$opt->{show_filename} = 1;
}
for my $start_point (@what) {
App::Ack::warn( "$start_point: No such file or directory" ) unless -e $start_point;
}
return \@what;
}
sub _match {
my ( $target, $expression, $invert_flag ) = @_;
if ( $invert_flag ) {
return $target !~ $expression;
}
else {
return $target =~ $expression;
}
}
sub get_iterator {
my $what = shift;
my $opt = shift;
# Starting points are always searched, no matter what
my %starting_point = map { ($_ => 1) } @{$what};
my $g_regex = defined $opt->{G} ? qr/$opt->{G}/ : undef;
my $file_filter;
if ( $g_regex ) {
$file_filter
= $opt->{u} ? sub { _match( $File::Next::name, qr/$g_regex/, $opt->{invert_file_match} ) } # XXX Maybe this should be a 1, no?
: $opt->{all} ? sub { $starting_point{ $File::Next::name } || ( _match( $File::Next::name, qr/$g_regex/, $opt->{invert_file_match} ) && is_searchable( $_ ) ) }
: sub { $starting_point{ $File::Next::name } || ( _match( $File::Next::name, qr/$g_regex/, $opt->{invert_file_match} ) && is_interesting( @ _) ) }
;
}
else {
$file_filter
= $opt->{u} ? sub {1}
: $opt->{all} ? sub { $starting_point{ $File::Next::name } || is_searchable( $_ ) }
: sub { $starting_point{ $File::Next::name } || is_interesting( @_ ) }
;
}
my $descend_filter
= $opt->{n} ? sub {0}
: $opt->{u} ? sub {1}
: \&ignoredir_filter;
my $iter =
File::Next::files( {
file_filter => $file_filter,
descend_filter => $descend_filter,
error_handler => sub { my $msg = shift; App::Ack::warn( $msg ) },
sort_files => $opt->{sort_files},
follow_symlinks => $opt->{follow},
}, @{$what} );
return $iter;
}
sub set_up_pager {
my $command = shift;
return if App::Ack::output_to_pipe();
my $pager;
if ( not open( $pager, '|-', $command ) ) {
App::Ack::die( qq{Unable to pipe to pager "$command": $!} );
}
$fh = $pager;
return;
}
sub input_from_pipe {
return $input_from_pipe;
}
sub output_to_pipe {
return $output_to_pipe;
}
sub exit_from_ack {
my $nmatches = shift;
my $rc = $nmatches ? 0 : 1;
exit $rc;
}
1; # End of App::Ack
package App::Ack::Repository;
use warnings;
use strict;
sub FAIL {
require Carp;
Carp::confess( 'Must be overloaded' );
}
sub new {
FAIL();
}
sub next_resource {
FAIL();
}
sub close {
FAIL();
}
1;
package App::Ack::Resource;
use warnings;
use strict;
sub FAIL {
require Carp;
Carp::confess( 'Must be overloaded' );
}
sub new {
FAIL();
}
sub name {
FAIL();
}
sub is_binary {
FAIL();
}
sub needs_line_scan {
FAIL();
}
sub reset {
FAIL();
}
sub next_text {
FAIL();
}
sub close {
FAIL();
}
1;
package App::Ack::Plugin::Basic;
package App::Ack::Resource::Basic;
use warnings;
use strict;
our @ISA = qw( App::Ack::Resource );
sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $filename = shift;
my $self = bless {
filename => $filename,
fh => undef,
could_be_binary => undef,
opened => undef,
id => undef,
}, $class;
if ( $self->{filename} eq '-' ) {
$self->{fh} = *STDIN;
$self->{could_be_binary} = 0;
}
else {
if ( !open( $self->{fh}, '<', $self->{filename} ) ) {
App::Ack::warn( "$self->{filename}: $!" );
return;
}
$self->{could_be_binary} = 1;
}
return $self;
}
sub name {
my $self = shift;
return $self->{filename};
}
sub is_binary {
my $self = shift;
if ( $self->{could_be_binary} ) {
return -B $self->{filename};
}
return 0;
}
sub needs_line_scan {
my $self = shift;
my $opt = shift;
return 1 if $opt->{v};
my $size = -s $self->{fh};
if ( $size == 0 ) {
return 0;
}
elsif ( $size > 100_000 ) {
return 1;
}
my $buffer;
my $rc = sysread( $self->{fh}, $buffer, $size );
if ( not defined $rc ) {
App::Ack::warn( "$self->{filename}: $!" );
return 1;
}
return 0 unless $rc && ( $rc == $size );
my $regex = $opt->{regex};
return $buffer =~ /$regex/m;
}
sub reset {
my $self = shift;
seek( $self->{fh}, 0, 0 )
or App::Ack::warn( "$self->{filename}: $!" );
return;
}
sub next_text {
if ( defined ($_ = readline $_[0]->{fh}) ) {
$. = ++$_[0]->{line};
return 1;
}
return;
}
sub close {
my $self = shift;
if ( not close $self->{fh} ) {
App::Ack::warn( $self->name() . ": $!" );
}
return;
}
package App::Ack::Repository::Basic;
our @ISA = qw( App::Ack::Repository );
use warnings;
use strict;
sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $filename = shift;
my $self = bless {
filename => $filename,
nexted => 0,
}, $class;
return $self;
}
sub next_resource {
my $self = shift;
return if $self->{nexted};
$self->{nexted} = 1;
return App::Ack::Resource::Basic->new( $self->{filename} );
}
sub close {
}
1;
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